Every ingredient we cover is selected for clinical evidence, not brand popularity. We explain mechanism of action, effective concentrations, compatibility rules, and who should — and shouldn't — use each one.
Retinoids
Retinol, retinaldehyde, adapalene, and tretinoin — the most evidence-backed anti-ageing and anti-acne actives in existence.
Acids: AHA, BHA & PHA
Glycolic, lactic, salicylic, and mandelic — chemical exfoliants and how their different mechanisms suit different skin types.
Antioxidants & Vitamin C
L-Ascorbic acid vs. derivatives, niacinamide, and ferulic acid — the free radical defence system your routine needs.
Barrier Lipids & Ceramides
The 3:1:1 golden ratio — ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids that rebuild a compromised skin barrier.
Humectants
Hyaluronic acid molecular weights, glycerin, panthenol — how water-binding agents actually work in your skin.
Sun Filters: Mineral vs Chemical
Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and organic UV filters — the chemistry of sun protection demystified.